OP-ED Opinions 

How Police Departments Can Identify And Oust Killer Cops By ‘Tope Oriola

The global condemnation of the death of George Floyd, one of the latest in a constellation of officer-involved deaths of unarmed civilians, has grown into a social movement for disbanding or defunding police. 

At the far end of the debate, there are those calling for abolishing the police altogether. Little consideration is given to what may occupy the ensuing vacuum. On the other hand, there are those wishing to defund the police. This means shifting significant material resources from police departments to social services for issues such as mental health.

Therefore, in cases of mental distress or welfare checks, social service providers intervene rather than police, who have proven ill-equipped to deal with people in mental distress. There is growing acknowledgment that the attitude of officers towards the human rights of suspects and numbers of police-involved killings need to change. The research on excessive use of force by police, the sociological context and psychological characteristics of killer cops point to certain useful policy measures. 


Psychological traits and screening

Killer cops and those who routinely maltreat civilians tend to be action-oriented. Research suggests that they are prone to boredom and suffer from major personality disorders. These include mood swings, impulsivity, lack of empathy, narcissism and anti-social personal disorder. Many of these traits begin early in life. Diversity workshops, training, or cultural sensitivity have limited utility to help such officers. The primary solution is to not hire such persons in the first place. This speaks to the need for greater psychological screening.  A 2014 report by former Supreme Court Justice Frank Iacobucci submitted to Toronto Police Service following the death of Sammy Yatim in July 2013 calls for “screening out psychopathology and screening in for desirable traits such as emotional intelligence, empathy, tolerance of diversity, and patience”. 

Hire more women 

Women are less likely to support use of force than men. My collaborative research in Alberta demonstrates that women are less likely to support use of so-called less-than-lethal force options such as conducted energy weapons. The evidence in support of reducing deadly force by hiring more women in police departments is overwhelming. Female officers are less likely to use (excessive) force as they deploy de-escalation techniques and engage verbally. Police departments with a reasonable number of women tend to record lower levels of officer-involved killings. However, the number of women is important. Female officers in male-dominated police departments may exhibit hyper-masculine traits if they are few and attempt to fit in. They may be just as if not more brutal than men. There is no agreement on what constitutes a reasonable number. A gender-balanced police service should be ultimate priority. I suggest a minimum threshold of 40 percent female officers. 

University graduate-only officers

Officers without university degrees populate the ranks of killer cops. Officers with university degrees are more likely to request mental health support for suspects and demonstrate a higher appreciation for the complexity of social life, individual problems and subtleties of working in an increasingly diverse environment. Officers with university degrees exhibit stronger verbal skills, effective communication and empathy. The Iacobucci report recommends recruiting officers from “specific educational programs” such as nursing and social work in order to foster “a compassionate response to people in crisis”. Many officers with stellar careers had grade 12 education or less. However, society has evolved. Grade 12 education is not sufficient for policing in the 21st Century.

Ethno-racial diversity

Evidence from the US is less settled regarding racial characteristics of killer cops. However, most studies find that white non-Hispanic officers are more likely to shoot or kill civilians. A few studies suggest black officers are more likely to shoot and kill civilians. These tend to be criticized for poor methodology. In Canada, most killer cops appear to be white men. An ethno-racially diverse police service is integral for building public trust and inclusivity. 

Training

Much of the current six-month training focuses on deployment of lethal force or marksmanship. It is a waste of time and sets up officers for frustration given today’s realities. Once out of training, officers realize that citizens get meaninglessly drunk, spouses beat the crap out of themselves, and citizens experience psychotic episodes. Somehow, the police are required to respond to all these matters. These are in fact some of the most common issues brought to police attention. These scenarios may be frustrating for action-oriented officers. Action-oriented officers may see only moral failing in each case and respond with disdain and unnecessary force. The professional officer will see “clients” in need of bureaucratic assistance and attempt to de-escalate. There is a need to overhaul officer training and extend it to at least one full year of rigorous classroom engagement with human rights, mental health issues, and diversity, among others.

Accountability

The main officer involved in George Floyd’s death had 17 complaints in his file. Three of those involved shootings with one death. This is a poor disciplinary record. Such officers make policing more difficult and dangerous. Minneapolis Police Department bears responsibility for keeping such a person in service.  Undesirable elements may sometimes enter into police service but must be promptly removed from service once their engagement with colleagues, superiors and the public begins to reflect certain troubling patterns. The Alberta Serious Incident Response Team (ASIRT) charged two officers in June 2020. It was the first charges brought forward against officers by ASIRT since its establishment in 2008. This is rather mindboggling given incidents of excessive use of force in Alberta. Tolerating errant cops is dangerous for public trust.

 I propose a two-prong policy. A “kill-and-go” policy and “three strikes policy” for police accountability. Kill-and-go means any officer who kills an unarmed civilian or a suspect who had a weapon but did not deploy it against an officer is dismissed from service and prosecuted. My three strikes proposal is similar to the disused California anti-crime law of the same name. Any officer involved in three excessive use of force incidents in which a civilian is mistreated and sustains injuries is automatically dismissed from service and prosecuted. There should be no expiry to each strike across an officer’s career.

Policing is a fine, well-paying occupation relative to entry qualifications and length of training — at least in Canada and many parts of the US. This is rarely emphasized regarding policing as an occupation. We emphasize sacrifice, community-orientation and selflessness of policing. These are great ideals. However, a balance has to be struck between the ideational elements on one hand and the fact that policing is a wonderful path towards social respectability. The RCMP notes that the annual salary of a newly sworn-in officer is $53,144 per year and increases to $86,110 within 36 months of service. There are postdoctoral fellows working on life-saving biomedical research who make less than $50,000 a year despite possessing hard-earned PhDs. The government and public should get value for money spent on police by selecting appropriate people.

This article was first published in The Conversation. ‘Tope Oriola teaches criminology and terrorism studies at the University of Alberta, Canada. Follow Oriola on Twitter: @topeoriola

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